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Anglo-Norman, also known as Anglo-Norman French, is a variety of the langues d'oïl that was used in England and, to a lesser extent, elsewhere in the British Isles during the Anglo-Norman period.〔For a wide-ranging introduction to the language and its uses, see (Anglo-French and the AND ) by William Rothwell〕 When William the Conqueror led the Norman invasion of England in 1066, he, his nobles, and many of his followers from Normandy, but also those from northern and western France, spoke a range of Oïl dialects (Northern French dialects). One of these was Norman. Other followers spoke varieties of the Picard language or western French. This amalgam developed into the unique insular dialect now known as Anglo-Norman French, which was commonly used for literary and eventually administrative purposes from the 12th until the 15th century. It is difficult to know much about what was actually spoken, as what is known about the dialect is restricted to what was written, but it is clear that Anglo-Norman, was to a large extent, the spoken language of the higher social strata in medieval England. It was spoken in the law courts, schools, and universities and, in due course, in at least some sections of the gentry and the growing bourgeoisie. Private and commercial correspondence was carried out in Anglo-Norman or Anglo-French from the 13th to the 15th century though its spelling forms were often displaced by continental spellings. Social classes other than the nobility became keen to learn French: manuscripts containing materials for instructing non-native speakers still exist, dating mostly from the late 14th century onwards. Although Anglo-Norman and Anglo-French were eventually eclipsed by modern English, they had been used widely enough to influence English vocabulary permanently. Thus, many original Germanic words, cognates of which can still be found in Nordic, German and Dutch, have been lost or, as more often occurs, they exist alongside synonyms of Anglo-Norman French origin. Grammatically, Anglo-Norman had little lasting impact on English although it is still evident in official and legal terms where the noun and adjective are reversed, for example ''attorney general'': the spelling is English but the word order (noun then adjective) is French. Other such examples are ''heir apparent'', ''court martial'', and ''body politic''.〔Amended version of: Crystal, David. ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language''. Cambridge University Press, 1995.〕 The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom still features in French the mottos of both the British Monarch, ''Dieu et mon droit'' ("God and my right") a the Order of the Garter, ''Honi soit qui mal y pense'' ("Shamed be he who thinks evil of it"). ''Dieu et mon droit'' was first used by Richard I in 1198 and adopted as the royal motto of England in the time of Henry VI. The motto appears below the shield of the Royal Coat of Arms. ==Use and development== The literature of the Anglo-Norman period forms the reference point for subsequent literature in the Norman language, especially in the 19th century Norman literary revival and even into the 20th century in the case of André Dupont's ''Épopée cotentine''. The languages and literatures of the Channel Islands are sometimes referred to as Anglo-Norman, but that usage, derived from the French ''îles anglo-normandes'', is wrong: the Channel Islanders spoke and still speak a variety of Norman, not Anglo-Norman. Anglo-Norman was never the main administrative language of England: Latin was the major language of record in legal and other official documents for most of the medieval period. However, from the late 12th century to the early 15th century, Anglo-Norman French and Anglo-French were much used in law reports, charters, ordinances, official correspondence, and trade at all levels; they were the language of the King, his court and the upper class. There is evidence, too, that foreign words (Latin, Greek, Italian, Arabic, Spanish) often entered English via Anglo-Norman. The language of later documents adopted some of the changes ongoing in continental French and lost many of its original dialectal characteristics, so ''Anglo-French'' remained (in at least some respects and at least at some social levels) part of the dialect continuum of modern French, often with distinctive spellings. Over time, the use of Anglo-French expanded into the fields of law, administration, commerce, and science, in all of which a rich documentary legacy survives, indicative of the vitality and importance of the language. By the late 15th century, however, what remained of insular French had become heavily anglicised: see Law French. It continued to be known as "Norman French" until the end of the 19th century even though, philological, there was nothing Norman about it.〔Pollock and Maitland, p. 87 note 3.〕 One notable survival of influence on the political system is the use of certain Anglo-French set phrases in the Parliament of the United Kingdom for some endorsements to bills and the granting of Royal Assent to legislation.〔Bennion, Francis. "(Modern Royal Assent Procedure at Westminister )" (Word document). ''New Law Journal''. Retrieved on 18 November 2007.〕 These set phrases include: *''Soit baille aux Communes'' ("Let it be sent to the Commons", on a bill sent by the House of Lords to the House of Commons) *''A ceste Bille (avecque une amendement/avecque des amendemens) les Communes sont assentus'' ("To this Bill (with an amendment/with amendments) the Commons have assented", on a bill passed by the House of Commons and returned to the House of Lords) *''A cette amendement/ces amendemens les Seigneurs sont assentus'' ("To this amendment/these amendments the Lords have assented", on an amended bill returned by the House of Commons to the House of Lords, where the amendments were accepted) *''Ceste Bille est remise aux Communes avecque une Raison/des Raisons'' ("This Bill is returned to the Commons with a reason/with reasons", when the House of Lords disagrees with amendments made by the House of Commons) *''Le Roy/La Reyne le veult'' ("The King/Queen wills it", Royal Assent for a public bill) *''Le Roy/La Reyne remercie ses bons sujets, accepte leur benevolence et ainsi le veult'' ("The King/Queen thanks his/her good subjects, accepts their bounty, and wills it so", Royal Assent for a supply bill) *''Soit fait comme il est désiré'' ("Let it be done as it is desired", Royal Assent for a private bill) *''Le Roy/La Reyne s'avisera'' ("The King/Queen will consider it", if Royal Assent is withheld) The exact spelling of these phrases has varied over the years; for example, ''s'avisera'' has been spelled as ''s'uvisera'' and ''s'advisera'', and ''Reyne'' as ''Raine''. Among important writers of the Anglo-Norman cultural commonwealth is Marie de France. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Anglo-Norman language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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